How Are Arrhythmias Diagnosed?

Arrhythmias can be hard to diagnose, especially the types that only cause symptoms every once in a while. Doctors use several methods to help diagnose arrhythmias, including medical and family histories,  physical exam, and diagnostic tests and procedures.

Specialists Involved

Doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases include:

• Cardiologists. These doctors  take care of adults who have  heart problems.
• Pediatric cardiologists. These doctors take care of babies, children,  and youth who have  heart problems.
• Electrophysiologists. These doctors are cardiologists  or pediatric cardiologists who specialize in arrhythmias.

Medical and Family Histories 
To diagnose an arrhythmia, your doctor may ask about your signs and symptoms. He or she may ask about what  symptoms you're having, whether  you feel  fluttering in your chest, and whether  you feel dizzy or lightheaded.

Your doctor also may ask about  other health problems you have,  such as a history of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, or thyroid problems. He or she may ask about your family' s  medical history, including: 

• Does anyone in your family have a history of arrhythmias?
• Has anyone in your family ever had heart disease or high blood pressure?
• Has anyone in your family  died suddenly?
• Are there other illnesses or health problems in your family?

Your doctor will likely want to know what medicines you're  taking, including over-the-counter medicines and vitamin or mineral or nutritional supplements.

Your doctor may ask about your health  habits, such as physical activity, smoking, or using alcohol or drugs (for example, cocaine). He or she also may want to know whether you've had episodes of strong emotional stress or anger. 

Physical Exam

Your doctor will listen to the rate and rhythm of your heart and for a heart murmur (an extra or unusual sound heard during your heartbeat). He or she  also will:

• Check your pulse to find out how fast your heart is beating
• Check for swelling in your legs or feet, which could be a sign of an enlarged heart or heart failure
• Look for signs of other diseases, such as thyroid disease, that could be causing the problem

Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

EKG (Electrocardiogram) 

• An EKG is the most common test used to diagnose arrhythmias. An EKG is a simple test that detects and records the heart's electrical activity. 
• The test  shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart.
• A standard EKG only records the heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect arrhythmias that don't happen during the test.
• To diagnose arrhythmias that come and go, your doctor may have you wear a portable EKG monitor.  The two most common types of portable EKGs are Holter and event monitors. 

Holter and Event Monitors 

• A Holter monitor  records the heart's electrical signals for  a full 24- or 48-hour  period. You wear one while you do your normal daily activities. This allows the monitor  to record your heart for  a longer time than a standard EKG. 
• An event monitor  is similar to a Holter monitor. You wear an event monitor while doing your normal activities. However, an event monitor  only records your heart's electrical activity at certain times while you're wearing it. 
• For many event monitors,  you push a button to start  the monitor  when you feel symptoms. Other event  monitors start automatically when they sense abnormal heart rhythms. 
• Some event monitors are able to send data about your heart's electrical activity to a central monitoring station. Technicians at the station review the information and send it to your doctor. You also  can use the device to report any symptoms you're having. 
• You may wear an event monitor  for 1 to 2 months, or as long as it takes to get a recording of your heart during symptoms.

Other Tests 

Other tests also are  used to help diagnose arrhythmias. 

• Blood tests. Blood  tests check the level of substances in the blood, such as potassium or thyroid hormone that can increase your chances of having an arrhythmia.
• Chest x ray. A chest x ray is a painless test that creates pictures  of the structures in your chest, such as  your heart and lungs. This test  can show whether the heart is enlarged.
• (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee). This test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your heart. Echocardiography (echo)  provides information about the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart chambers and valves are working. 

The test also can identify areas of poor blood flow to the heart, areas of heart muscle that aren't  contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.

There are several different types of echo, including stress echo. This test  is done both before and after a stress test (see below).  A stress echo usually  is done to find out whether you have decreased blood flow to your heart, a sign of coronary  heart disease (CHD). 

A transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) echo,  or TEE,  is a special type of echo that takes pictures of the back of the heart through the esophagus (the passage leading from your mouth to your stomach).

Stress test. Some heart problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast.  During stress testing, you exercise (or are given medicine if you're  unable to exercise) to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done.

These tests may include nuclear heart scanning, echocardiography,  and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning  of the heart. 

Electrophysiology  study (EPS). This test is used to assess serious arrhythmias. During an EPS, a thin, flexible wire is passed through a vein in your groin (upper thigh) or arm to your heart. The wire records the heart's electrical signals.

Your doctor uses the wire to electrically stimulate your heart and trigger an arrhythmia. This allows the doctor to see whether an antiarrhythmia medicine can stop the problem.

Catheter ablation,  a procedure used to fix some types of arrhythmia, may be done during an EPS.

Tilt table testing. This test sometimes is used to help find the cause of fainting spells. You lie on a table that moves from a lying down to an upright position. The change in position can cause you to faint.

Your doctor watches your symptoms, heart rate, EKG reading,  and blood pressure throughout the test. Your doctor also may give you medicine and then check your response to the medicine. 

Coronary angiography (an-jee-OG-ra-fee). Coronary angiography uses dye and special x rays to show the inside  of your coronary (heart) arteries. 

During  the test,  a long, thin, flexible tube called a  catheter is put into a blood vessel in your arm, groin (upper thigh),  or neck. 

The tube is then threaded into your coronary arteries, and  the dye is injected into your bloodstream. Special x rays are taken while  the dye is flowing  through the coronary arteries. 

The dye lets your doctor study the flow of blood through your heart and blood vessels. This helps your doctor find  blockages that can cause a heart attack.

Implantable loop recorder. This device detects abnormal heart rhythms. Minor surgery is used to place this device under the skin in the chest area. 

An implantable loop recorder helps doctors figure out why a person may be having palpitations or fainting spells, especially when these symptoms don’t happen very often. The device can be used for as long as 12 to 24 months.